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Adelaide River War Cemetery
| Source: |
Go to the Commonwealth Heritage List for more information. |
| Identifier: |
105422 |
| Location: |
105 Memorial Tce, Adelaide River |
Local
Government: |
Unicorporated NT |
| State: |
NT |
| Country: |
Australia |
Statement of
Significance: |
The Adelaide River War Cemetery established in 1942, serves as the last resting place for service men and women who lost their lives in nothern Australia as a result of World War II . It is one of the larger Australian War Cemeteries, and portrays the scale, intensity and human sacrifice of Australian and Commonwealth personnel in the north of Australia during WW II.
The adjoining Civil Cemetery, includes the graves of sixty three civilians who lost their lives as a result of war service including nine Post Office workers who lost their lives as a result of the initial Japanese bombing of Darwin.
The Cemetery provides evidence of the impact of WWII on northern Australia and is associated with the first bombing of Darwin on 19 February 1942 (Criterion A.4).
The Adelaide River War Cemetery is highly valued by the community as a memorial to those who lost their lives in northern Australia during WW II and for its symbolism of wartime sacrifice and common purpose (Criterion G.1).
The Adelaide River War Cemetery is typical of the design used by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission for war cemeteries around the world. In the Adelaide River War Cemetery the standard design is reflected in the lay out of the graves in formal straight rows with bronze plaques on low concrete plinths, used in tropical areas, and the Cross of Sacrifice within a landscaped garden (Criterion D.2).
Australian Historic Themes 7.7 Defending Australia; 8.8 Remembering the fallen; 8.9.1 Remembering disasters. |
| Description: |
HISTORY
IMPERIAL WAR GRAVES COMMISSION (IWGC)
The Imperial War Graves Commission (IWGC), now the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) was founded in 1917, it was charged with the commemoration of all the war dead from the member countries.
The Commission is charged under Royal Charter with the permanent construction of war cemeteries and their care and maintenance in perpetuity. The Commission's principles of official commemoration is that each casualty shall be commemorated individually and once only, that the commemoration shall be uniform regardless of civil or military status and the commemorations shall be maintained in perpetuity.
The CWGC now maintains 2,500 cemeteries and 200 memorials around the world. The cost of the work is shared by those partner governments of nations which raised independent forces in the first and second world wars in proportions based on the number of their graves. The partner governments are Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, South Africa and the United Kingdom.
From its inception the IWGC based in London had a large impact on the shaping of the principle features of remembrance. It developed the form and style of the commemoration of individual soldiers' graves and of cemeteries in specific battle areas. The IWGC appointed Architects Edwin Lutyens, Reginald Blomfield and Herbert Baker along with Rudyard Kipling and Adrian Hill who formed the language, architecture and landscape of remembrance, which has been applied to war cemeteries and memorials throughout the Commonwealth, typified by white headstones, the Stone of Remembrance, and the Cross of Sacrifice within a landscaped garden.
IWGC war cemeteries throughout the world follow a relatively standard design. The central focus of many of the cemeteries is the Cross of Sacrifice, designed in 1918 by Sir Reginald Blomfield to represent the faith of the majority. It is a stone cross with a symbolic bronze sword attached to its face, carefully designed as a fusion between the military and the sacred. Its symbolism is open to various interpretations - to some the sword itself is the "Cross" and the stonework merely the frame; to others the sword symbolises the offering up in sacrifice for those who perished by the sword. The height of the Cross depends on the size of the cemetery. The Cross of Sacrifice is present in all cemeteries with 50 or more war graves.
War Cemeteries with more than 1,000 burials contain a Stone of Remembrance, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, to represent those of all faiths and none. The Stone of Remembrance is 3.5m long and 1.5m high with three steps leading to it. There is only one Stone of Remembrance in Australia, located at the Sydney War Cemetery. This stone was intended to be transported to the Ambon War Cemetery in Indonesia but difficulties at the time prevented its shipment, and it has remained in Sydney. Most war cemeteries also contain a register which records the names of those buried or commemorated in the cemetery.
The cemeteries also contain headstones or plaques of a standard pattern, usually set in perfectly straight rows. At the top of each headstone is engraved the national emblem or the service or regiment badge, followed by the rank, name, unit, date of death, age and appropriate religious emblem. At the foot of the headstone, in many cases, an inscription chosen by the relatives. In some cemeteries, stone or bronze plaques on low pedestals are used for climatic reasons instead of headstones.
The materials used in the war cemeteries are largely natural stone, with brick, cast and wrought iron, cast bronze, joinery, stainless steel and concrete also incorporated.
WAR CEMETERIES WITHIN AUSTRALIA
In Australia, the Office of Australian War Graves maintains 11 416 war graves on behalf of the CWGC. Of these around half are in war cemeteries and the remainder are distributed among some 900 civil cemeteries throughout Australia. There are also memorials to 1032 missing personnel.
Major war cemeteries containing the graves of Commonwealth service personnel and, in some cases Allied and enemy military dead are located in or near each capital city except Canberra. The German Military Cemetery in Tatura, Victoria and the Japanese War Cemetery at Cowra, New South Wales contain, respectively, the graves of 250 and 523 war dead of our one time adversaries.
The Office of the Australian War Graves maintains the Sydney War Cemetery, as it does the other 71 war cemeteries, plots and memorials throughout Australia, and those in Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Norfolk Island, on behalf of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
The major war cemeteries in Australia include the Springvale War Cemetery and the Victorian Cremation Memorial (Victoria); Perth War Cemetery and the Western Australian Cremation Memorial, Nedlands (Western Australia); Adelaide River War Cemetery (RNE 0050) (Northern Territory); Lutwyche War Cemetery and Cremation Memorial (Queensland); Townsville War Cemetery (North Queensland); Centennial Park War Cemetery and South Australian Cremation Memorial (South Australia); Launceston War Cemetery (Tasmania); Hobart War Cemetery (Tasmania); Hobart War Cemetery and Tasmanian Cremation Memorial, Cornelian Bay (Tasmania); Sydney War Cemetery (RNE 102837) and Cowra (Australian) War Cemetery (New South Wales); Cowra (Japanese) War Cemetery; Tatura German Military Cemetery (Victoria).
ADELAIDE RIVER WAR CEMETERY
During WWII Darwin became a naval base. It suffered its first air attack on 19 February 1942, within a month of the first air raid Darwin became the heart of the operational base. The Northern Territory contained the largest operational base in the South West Pacific. Adelaide River and Alice Springs were the headquarters of large base establishments and the main north south road from Darwin to the railhead at Alice Springs was built during the war. Nos. 107 and 129 Australain General Hospitals were based at Darwin; Nos. 101 and 121 at Katherine; No. 119 at Adelaide River and No. 65 Camp Hospital at Pine Creek.
The Adelaide River War Cemetery was created for the burial of servicemen and women who died in this area of Northern Australia particularly those who died at the Australian General Hospitals 101, 107, 119, 121 and 129.
The cemetery was opened in February 1942 in the immediate aftermath of the first Japanese air raids on Darwin. The site was close to Australian Gernal Hospital No. 119 and to forward military headquarters.
After the war the Army Graves Service moved graves from civil cemeteries, isolated sites and temporary military burial grounds, into the Adelaide River War Cemetery. Graves were moved from the Bagot Hospital Cemetery, Berrimah Hospital and War Cemetery, Daly Waters Civil Cemetery, Darwin Public Cemetery, Gove War Cemetery, Hughes Cemetery Darwin, Katherine Civil and War Cemeteries, Larrimah War Cemetery, Milingimbi War Cemetery, Mt Isa War Cemetery in Queensland, South Goulburn Island Mission Cemetery and Truscott War Cemetery.
In September 1947, the Adelaide River War Cemetery was taken over by the CWGC and is now maintained by staff of the Office of Australian War Graves.
The Northern Territory Memorial to the Missing was erected in the cemetery, as a memorial to those who have no known grave. This Memorial was erected to commemorate those of the Australian Army, the Royal Australian Air Force and the Australian Merchant Navy who lost their lives in the South West Pacific region during the Second World War. Men of the Royal Australian Navy who lost their lives in this area and who have no known grave are commemorated on the Plymouth Naval Memorial in England, along with many of their comrades of the Royal Navy and of other Commonwealth naval forces.
The Adelaide River Civil Cemetery adjoins the War Cemetery. In the Civil Cemetery are 63 civilians who died as a result of war service, including nine Post Office workers killed on 19 February 1942, as a result of a direct hit on the Darwin Post Office by Japanese bombs.
The cemetery entry building was constructed c.1948. In 1984 the original erect synthetic marble headstones in the military section of the cemetery were removed and substituted with low concrete plinths, with metal plaques affixed. This was considered necessary as a result of deterioration to the plaques due to the tropical environment and is a standard practice of the CWGC in tropical areas.
DESCRIPTION
The Adelaide River War Cemetery is located 1km off the Stuart Highway in the town of Adelaide River.
The Cemetery is entered through an entrance building purpose built as a porte-cochere, constructed of concrete blocks painted pale yellow, sandstone columns and seat, granite altar. The floor is brick (c.1985) and the wall capping is cast concrete. The entry door is painted cast iron with a copper clad roof over cast concrete. The building provides visitors with information about the bombing during WWII of Darwin and surrounds. The information is engraved on metal plaques fixed to the insides of the walls.
The Cemetery is divided into two main sections. The eastern section is a military cemetery, containing 434 burials of service personnel who died in and near north Australia during World War Two, and memorials to persons who died in the north Australian theatre but whose bodies were not recovered. The burials comprise 14 airmen of the Royal Air Force, 12 unidentified men of the British Merchant Navy, one soldier of the Canadian Army, 18 sailors, 181 soldiers and 201 airmen belonging to the Australian forces, and seven men of the Australian Merchant Navy.
The graves are laid out in formal straight lines with bronze plaques on low concrete plinths. A small plant shrub is located between each plaque.
Located centrally in the cemetery between the entrance building and the Cross of Sacrifice (at the rear of the cemetery) is the Northern Territory Memorial to the Missing, constructed of sandstone. The total number honoured on the Memorial is 293, of whom 103 belong to the Australian Army, 164 to the Royal Australian Air Force and 26 to the Australian Merchant Navy. Included in the Army honours is a sister of the Australian Army Nursing Service.
A Cross of Sacrifice is located at the rear of the cemetery in a direct line behind the entranceway and the Memorial to the Missing. It is constructed of stone against which a bronze sword stands out. Its symbolism is open to various interpretations - to some the sword itself is the "Cross" and the stonework merely the frame; to others the sword symbolises the offering up in sacrifice for those who perished by the sword.
The western section of the cemetery contains the burial places of 64 civilians who died while involved with war service, including a common grave with low set memorial to Darwin Post Office personnel who were killed during the first Japanese air raid on 19 February 1942. The other civilian graves are laid out in formal straight lines with bronze plaques on low concrete plinths, no planting is located in the lawn area.
The whole cemetery is surrounded by mature tropical plantings.
The Adelaide River War Cemetery is one of the largest in Australia with 434 graves. The Sydney War Cemetery is the largest war cemetery in Australia (734 graves); Springvale, Victoria has 611, Cowra (Japanese) War Cemetery in Victoria has 523, and Perth has 493 graves.
The Adelaide River War Cemetery provides evocative evidence of the scale, intensity and duration of the war in and near northern Australia. |
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